https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.63.02.25.8904

Supplement

Comparative Study on Composting and Vermicomposting to Improve Physicochemical Properties of Digestate with the Addition of Kitchen Waste

Ze Sen Tan¹, M. Devendran Manogaran^1,2, Rashid Shamsuddin^3*, Mohd Hakimi¹, Lee Wen Looi¹, Kai Tong Woo¹, Chin Seng Liew² and Lailatul Qomariyah⁴

¹Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

²Centre of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage, Institute of Sustainable Energy and Resources, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

³Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, 42311 Madinah, Saudi Arabia

⁴Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia

Copyright © 2025 This is a Diamond Open Access article published under CC-BY licence. Copyright remains with the authors, who grant third parties the unrestricted right to use, copy, distribute and reproduce the article as long as the original author(s) and source are acknowledged.

Article history:

Received: 5 October 2024

Accepted: 1 April 2025

Keywords:

conventional composting; vermicomposting; chicken manure digestate; kitchen waste; physicochemical enhancement; macronutrients enrichment

 The content of this publication has not been approved by the United Nations and does not reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.

Summary:

Research background. The rapid growth of the Malaysian population has led to an increase in kitchen waste, especially inedible organic kitchen waste, which is generally disposed of in landfills and pollutes the environment. Apart from this, the increasing demand for chicken products in Malaysia has led to a significant increase in chicken manure production. As anaerobic digestion continues to be explored, there are concerns about the utilization of the digestate from chicken manure. Therefore, this study addresses the challenge of treating kitchen waste and chicken manure digestate in Malaysia by investigating the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting methods through comparative analysis. By integrating kitchen waste, particularly spent coffee grounds, bone waste and used kitchen towels, this study aims to improve the imbalanced physicochemical properties of digestate from chicken manure.

Experimental approach. Before composting, the kitchen waste and chicken manure digestate were characterised to determine the initial physicochemical properties. Four composting setups comprising the substances were established to study the physical appearance, temperature and pH profile, the increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, and the mass reduction of the final compost after 50 days of composting.

Results and conclusions. The vermicompost with kitchen waste additives showed a significant nutrient improvement with an NPK mass ratio of 1:3.57:6.58 and a lower moisture mass fraction of 48.92 %, which requires the shortest maturation time (20 days) and the highest mass reduction (55.11 %).

Novelty and scientific contribution. The novelty of this research is the valorisation of organic kitchen waste and chicken manure digestate as biofertiliser. The end result is achieved by promoting a sustainable alternative to exploit kitchen waste instead of the traditional approach of landfilling waste. At the same time the problem of digestate is addressed, particularly its unbalanced physicochemical properties, especially its macronutrients, pH and moisture content. In contrast to previous studies, this work investigates the effectiveness of both conventional composting and vermicomposting with the incorporation of organic kitchen waste, namely spent coffee grounds, bone meal and used kitchen towels, to improve the physicochemical properties of digestate.